Including both counted-thread and freestyle techniques, whitework is defined more by the distinctive appearance of white-embroidery-on-white-material, than how it is made. The stitching must be smooth and even, requiring considerable skill, and meaning that historically much whitework was produced professionally. As with other forms of embroidery, however, in the mid- to late-19th century it became a fashionable pastime for middle-class European and American women. Whitework is commonly used for ecclesiastical linens and garments, as well as nightclothes, christening wear and trimmings, and normally features holes (created either by cutting or drawing threads apart) as an element of decoration.