Brass & Bell Metal Utensils of Khagra, West Bengal

The Khagra Brass & Bell Metal Utensils are a hallmark of traditional craftsmanship from the Khagra area of Murshidabad, West Bengal. The craft primarily involves the production of utensils and decorative items using brass and bell metal, two alloys renowned for their durability, acoustic properties, and aesthetic appeal. The process begins with the preparation of high-quality raw materials. Bell metal is an alloy of copper and tin, mixed in a 7:2 ratio for optimal strength and resonance, while brass comprises copper and zinc in a 10:4 proportion. The materials are sourced locally or procured through a network of suppliers, often referred to as mahajans.

The production process of these utensils is intricate and labor-intensive, combining traditional techniques with precise handwork. It starts with clay preparation, which involves crafting molds using different types of clay, such as jute clay, riverside clay, and husk clay. These molds form the foundation for shaping the metal into its desired forms. The outer molds are constructed with jute clay for reinforcement, while the inner molds use fine sandy clay for smoothness. The molds are carefully dried and assembled, ensuring uniform gaps for the molten metal to flow through during the casting process. Once the molds are ready, the metal is melted in traditional furnaces, poured into the molds, and allowed to cool. The casting process requires significant skill to ensure the metal fills the mold cavities completely, resulting in seamless and precise shapes.

After casting, the rough products are retrieved by breaking the molds. These items undergo further shaping, filing, and smoothing to remove imperfections. In complex items like water pots (kolshi), different parts are welded together using a compound of brass and zinc. The surface is then hammered and polished to achieve the characteristic smooth and glossy finish. Polishing, a critical step in the process, involves mounting the item on a motorized lathe and refining it with various tools. The exterior, interior, rim, and base of the product are polished to create a brilliant, uniform shine. The final touch includes applying oil and ash to enhance the product’s sheen and durability.

The range of products crafted by Khagra artisans includes household items such as plates, bowls, glasses, pitchers, and serving utensils, as well as decorative and religious items like lamps, vases, and ritual vessels. The utensils are not only functional but also hold significant cultural value, being widely used in Bengali households and religious ceremonies. Bell metal dishes, for instance, are often used to serve meals to guests, while decorative items are presented as gifts during weddings and other auspicious occasions.